The scope of the appeal - admitting the additional reasons arguments for consideration
The scope of the appeal - admitting the additional reasons arguments for consideration
Clearview provided its Response to the ICO’s appeal to the Upper Tribunal on 21 February 2025. Relying on rule 24(3) of the Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008 (“the UT Rules 2008"), Clearview raised its four Additional Reasons to support the conclusion that the ICO lacked jurisdiction to issue the Notices.
The ICO objected to Clearview being allowed to raise the Additional Reasons, on the basis that they effectively constituted a cross-appeal, and Clearview had not sought permission to cross-appeal within the relevant timescales.
In directions dated 30 March 2025, Upper Tribunal Judge Church, one of the three members of the three-judge Upper Tribunal panel, made case management directions that, in essence, treated Clearview as having sought permission to cross-appeal to the extent that such permission was needed, extended time for the application, waived any irregularity in connection with the application and granted Clearview permission to raise the Additional Reasons arguments. Upper Tribunal Judge Church reasoned that there was a strong public interest in the Upper Tribunal considering the proper interpretation, and application, of Article 3 of the GDPR and the UK GDPR.
- Heading
- The decision of the Upper Tribunal is to allow the appeal The decision of the First-tier Tribunal made on 17 October 2023 was materially in error of law. It is SET ASIDE under section 12(2)(a) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (“TCEA
- REASONS FOR DECISION
- Introduction
- The decision under appeal
- A summary of the relevant factual background
- The FTT’s decision
- The FTT’s findings of fact
- The FTT’s conclusions
- The issues in this appeal
- Appeal ground 1
- Appeal ground 2
- Appeal ground 4
- Additional Reason 1
- The scope of the appeal - admitting the additional reasons arguments for consideration
- Permitting Privacy International to intervene in the appeal
- Permitting Clearview to rely on a written reply to Privacy International’s skeleton argument
- Reliance on the evidence filed by Privacy International
- Reliance on legal arguments not raised before the FTT
- Legal framework
- Relevant legislative provisions
- The GDPR
- The UK GDPR
- “Article 2 This Regulation applies to the automated or structured processing of personal data, including
- 1A. This Regulation also applies to the manual unstructured processing of personal data held by an FOI public authority This Regulation does not apply to
- “Article 3
- The 95 Directive
- The Law Enforcement Directive
- State immunity and foreign act of state
- Material scope: the caselaw
- Territorial scope: the caselaw
- The Travaux in respect of the GDPR
- The EDPB Guidelines
- Data subjects in the Union
- The burden of proof in appeals against ICO Notices
- Analysis
- The parties’ positions on material scope in brief
- What the FTT decided in relation to Article 2(2)(a)
- General approach to construction of the GDPRs
- Domestic authorities on comity, extra-territoriality and utility
- EU authorities on extra-territorial effect and comity
- Certainty and foreseeability
- Proportionality
- EU law authorities on the construction of Article 2(2)(a) of the GDPR
- Relevant comity principles
- Our construction of Article 2(2)(a)
- Analysis of Clearview’s proposed intersectional construction
- Alternative analysis based on the ICO’s construction
- Would regulation of Clearview’s data processing breach comity principles?
- Article 3(2)(b) GDPR: territorial scope
- What was the policy objective behind Article 3(2)(b)?
- The meaning of “related to” in Article 3(2)(b)
- The meaning of “behavioural monitoring” in Article 3(2)(b)
- Ground 1
- Ground 2
- Ground 3
- Ground 4
- Clearview’s Additional Reasons
- Additional Reason 1
- Additional Reason 2
- Additional Reason 3
- Additional Reason 4
- Conclusions
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