The Plan
The Plan
The Plan, approved by shareholder resolution on 27 April 2010, provides for the grant of options to eligible employees (as defined) to obtain ordinary shares in the capital of the defendant company. Rule 2 of the Plan sets out the relevant provisions governing the grant of options in the Plan.
The provisions which were discussed in the most detail at the hearing were those in rules 6.3 and 7.
Rules 6.1 to 6.3 provide as follows:
‘6. EXERCISE OF OPTIONS
Earliest date for exercise of Options
Subject to Rules 7 and 8, an Option may not be exercised earlier than the latest of:
in relation to the Plan Shares in respect of which the Option is being exercised, the relevant date specified in the Option Certificate under Rule 2.4; and
the date on which the Grantor determines that the Performance Target and any further condition imposed under Rule 5.1, in their original form or as substituted or varied from time to time, have been satisfied or waived.
Latest date for exercise of Options
Notwithstanding any other provision in the Rules, an Option may not be exercised later than the tenth anniversary of the Grant Date and, to the extent not exercised by that time, the Option shall lapse immediately.
Persons who may exercise Options
Subject to Rule 7, an Option may be exercised only while the Option Holder is in Relevant Employment and if an Option Holder ceases to be in Relevant Employment, any Option granted to him shall lapse immediately. This Rule 6.3 shall apply where the Option Holder ceases to be in Relevant Employment in any circumstances (including, in particular, but not by way of limitation, where the Option Holder is dismissed unfairly, wrongfully, in breach of contract or otherwise).
An Option Holder may not exercise an Option if he has given or been given notice of termination of employment such that he will cease to be in Relevant Employment at the end of the notice period.’
Rule 7.1 then provides:
‘7. EXERCISE OF OPTIONS IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Special circumstances
Notwithstanding Rules 6.1 and 6.3, the Grantor may, at its discretion, (provided such discretion is exercised within two months after the cessation of employment), allow an Option Holder who has ceased to be in Relevant Employment for any reason to exercise his Options at any time during such period and on such basis and subject to such conditions as the Grantor determines. To the extent not so exercised or if such exercise is not permitted, the Options shall lapse at the expiry of such period.’
Consistent with the provisions above, rule 10 provides that options lapse inter alia on the tenth anniversary of their grant date or, if earlier, when the Option Holder ceases to be in Relevant Employment or when it is provided by (i.e. on an exercise of the power at) rule 7.1 that it shall lapse.
The defendant relies on rule 14, headed, ‘Relationship of Plan to Contract of Employment’, which provides:
‘14. RELATIONSHIP OF PLAN TO CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT
Contractual Provisions
Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan:
the Plan shall not form part of any contract of employment between any Group Member and an Eligible Employee;
unless expressly so provided in his contract of employment, an Eligible Employee has no right to be granted an Option;
the benefit to an Eligible Employee of participation in the Plan (including, in particular but not by way of limitation, any Options held by him) shall not form any part of his remuneration or count as his remuneration for any purpose and, for the purposes of his contract of employment, shall not be pensionable; and
if an Eligible Employee ceases to be in Relevant Employment, he shall not be entitled to compensation for the loss of any right or benefit or prospective right or benefit under the Plan (including, in particular but not by way of limitation, any Options held by him which lapse by reason of his ceasing to be in Relevant Employment) whether by way of damages for unfair dismissal, wrongful dismissal, breach of contract or otherwise.’
In accordance with the Plan rules, Mr Dixon was provided with an ‘Option Certificate’ signed and dated on 1 December 2010 but with the grant date stated to be 1 January 2011. This provided that he was to have 400,000 shares subject to option, to be exercised at any time subject to satisfaction of the performance targets set out in the schedule attached to the certificate. The certificate states, consistent with the Plan rules, that ‘the Option may not ordinarily be exercised later than ten years after the grant date’.
The Schedule of Performance Target and other Conditions of Exercise attached to the Option Certificate explains the imposition of performance targets in accordance with rule 5 of the Plan in this way:
‘1.2 The Company wishes to have regard to the interests of all shareholders in deciding what performance targets are set and the aim is to set targets which relate to a sustained improvement in the real financial performance of the Company and it is the intention that the performance condition attaching to the Option will therefore be based on achievement of Normalised EBITDA targets as set out in section 2 below.’
So far as material, section 2 of the schedule provides:
‘2 THE PERFORMANCE TARGET
The Option granted under the Plan has been granted subject to the conditions set out below.
Basic condition
The Option will not Vest and be capable of exercise unless and until the published consolidated results of the Company show that the Normalised EBITDA in any three consecutive financial years within the seven financial years beginning with the financial year ended 31 December 2010 is equal to or exceeds the EBITDA targets set out in section 2.2 below.
Administration and Variation
The Board of Directors will meet as appropriate and consider whether the performance condition has been met and, if it has, it will state this and what proportion of the Option has Vested as a result. Once the condition has been met the Option will be exercisable in accordance with the Plan Rules (and any other applicable regulations such as the UK Listing Authority's Model Code) at any time regardless of future performance.
The Board of Directors in its discretion may waive, vary or amend the performance condition, but this discretion shall only be exercised if events happen which cause the Board of Directors to consider that a waived, substituted, varied or amended performance condition would be a fairer measure of performance and would be no more difficult to satisfy.
Early Termination
Under Rule 7, the Company may allow an option holder who has ceased to be employed within the Group to exercise their option notwithstanding that cessation of employment would normally cause the option to lapse. Where the Company does permit the option to be retained and exercised in such circumstances, the period over which the performance condition is measured will ordinarily be treated as terminating on the date of cessation of employment and the proportion of the option which Vest will ordinarily be determined by reference to Normalised EBITDA as shown in the published results for the best three consecutive years (or such shorter period where employment terminates sooner than three years) from the financial year ended 31 December 2010 to the end of the financial year preceding the date of termination of employment.’
The stated growth targets in paragraph 2.2 of the schedule are EBITDA (i.e. earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation, subject to adjustment in accordance with paragraph 2.3) of £10 million, £15 million and £20 million, with 20% of the option vesting at the first figure, and 40% at each of the subsequent figures.
It is common ground that, following a share consolidation in 2013, the claimant was left with 56,000 options and that the growth targets were met in 2013 such that he was entitled to and did exercise his options in relation to 11,200 ordinary shares in the defendant company, leaving him with 44,800 options as at the date when he was informed that his employment with Canadean was to be terminated.
It is also common ground that the basic condition, set out in paragraph 2.1 of the schedule and set out above, was varied by the company by 2013.
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