The overriding objective
was therefore wrongly applied to the order on costs. (5)The District Judge wrongly took into account an offer of settlement of £250 by Mr Bowen. (6)The District Judge asked the parties about Part 36 Offers and without prejudice offers before giving his judgment. Approach to the appeal 10.The approach that an appellate court should take in assessing whether to overrule the decision of a lower court is nuanced and governed by a number of factors. In REEF Trade Mark [2000] EWCA Civ 763; [2003] R.P.C. 5 the Court of Appeal considered how a High Court Judge should approach an appeal from a hearing officer in the Trade Marks Registry. It was a trade mark case and therefore within the expertise of the Hearing Officer. Robert Walker LJ (with whom Buxton and Clarke LJJ agreed) reviewed several authorities including Re Grayan Building Services Ltd [1995] Ch. 241 and Biogen Inc v Medeva plc [1997] R.P.C.1. He said this: “[26] How reluctant should an appellate court be to interfere with the trial judge's evaluation of, and conclusion on, the primary facts? As Hoffmann L.J. made clear in Grayan there is no single standard which is appropriate to every case. The most important variables include the nature of the evaluation required, the standing and experience of the fact-finding judge or tribunal, and the extent to which the judge or tribunal had to assess oral evidence. [27]It is worth noting that Biogen was a case very close to the top end of the scale. It involved very complex biotechnology which was the subject of a lot of expert evidence given at a lengthy trial before a very experienced judge of the Patents Court. In the circumstances Lord Hoffmann's memorable reference to Renan was not (if I may respectfully say so) out of place. There are far fewer nuances to be picked up from a bundle of statutory declarations which contain a good deal of irrelevant or tendentious material and on which there is no cross-examination. [28]In this case the hearing officer had to make what he himself referred to as a multi-factorial comparison, evaluating similarity of marks, similarity of goods and other factors in order to reach conclusions about likelihood of confusion and the outcome of a notional passing-off claim. It is not suggested that he was not experienced in this field, and there is nothing in the Civil Procedure Rules to diminish the degree of respect which has traditionally been shown to a hearing officer's specialised experience. (It is interesting to compare the observations made by Lord Radcliffe in Edwards v Bairstow [1956] A.C. 14 at pp.38-39, about the general commissioners, a tribunal with a specialised function but often little specialised training.) On the other hand, the hearing officer did not hear any oral evidence. In such circumstances an appellate court should in my view show a real reluctance, but not the very highest degree of reluctance, to interfere in the absence of a distinct and material error of principle. [29]The appellate court should not treat a judgment or written decision as containing an error of principle simply because of its belief that the judgment or decision could have been better expressed. The duty to give reasons must not be turned into an intolerable burden: see the recent judgment of this court in English v Emery Reimbold & Strick Ltd (and two other appeals heard with it) [2002] EWCA Civ 605, April 30, 2002, para.19: “… the judgment must enable the appellate court to understand why the judge reached his decision. This does not mean that every factor which weighed with the judge in his appraisal of the evidence has to be identified and explained. But the issues the resolution of which were vital to the judge's conclusion should be identified and the manner in which he resolved them explained. It is not possible to provide a template for this process. It need not involve a lengthy judgment. It does require the judge to identify and record those matters which were critical to his decision.” 11.Shortly after the judgment in REEF the Court of Appeal returned to the question of the correct approach to an appeal in Bud and Budweiser Budbräu Trade Marks [2002] EWCA Civ 1534; [2003] R.P.C. 25, again an appeal from a judgment of the High Court which was itself an appeal from a decision of a hearing officer in the Trade Marks Registry. The hearing officer, Mr Salthouse, had been required in particular to assess the distinctive character of a trade mark in issue. Sir Martin Nourse referred to REEF and then said (at [12]): “Moreover, I am unable to hold that Mr Salthouse was not entitled to take the view that he did. It is true that another hearing officer might, as indeed did the judge, have taken a different view. But it cannot be said that Mr Salthouse's view was one to which no reasonable hearing officer could have come.” 12.Lord Walker added this: “[52] Ultimately the issue on the first appeal is whether the deputy judge was right to discern two errors of principle in the hearing officer's approach, so opening the way for the deputy judge to substitute his own view. For the reasons which I have explained, I do not think that the hearing officer did make any significant error of principle which appears from his written decision. I do find his conclusion surprising and if this court had a free choice between the hearing officer's decision and that of the deputy judge I would unhesitatingly choose the latter. [53] However this court does not have a free choice, as Sir Martin Nourse has explained in his judgment. As Buxton L.J. said in Norowzian v Arks Ltd (No.2) [2000] F.S.R. 363 at 370: “… where it is not suggested that the judge has made an error of principle a party should not come to the Court of Appeal simply in the hope that the impression formed by the judges in this court, or at least by two of them, will be different from that of the trial judge.” The same principle applies to an appeal from a hearing officer to a judge of the Chancery Division. Although the hearing officer's decision is one which I find surprising, I do not consider that it can be described as clearly wrong.” 13.I draw from these judgments the following: (1)An appellate court must decide whether the court or tribunal below has made a distinct and material error of principle. If so, the decision will be overturned and the relevant point of dispute between the parties reconsidered. (2)The appellate court should not treat a judgment or decision as containing an error of principle simply because it could have been better expressed. (3)The judgment or decision below must have identified and recorded those matters which were critical to its conclusion. By implication a failure to do this can amount to an error of principle. (4)Absent an error of principle, there is no single standard to be applied in assessing whether the appellate court should interfere with the decision below. It is a multi-factorial assessment with the following being of particular relevance: (i) the nature of the evaluation required, (ii) the standing and experience of the fact-finding judge or tribunal and (iii) the extent to which the judge or tribunal had to assess oral evidence. (5)In making this assessment the appellate court should not interfere solely because it finds that a conclusion reached below is surprising or is one which the appellate court would not have reached. Neither such finding necessarily means that the court or tribunal below has made a material error of principle. (6)In the case of an appeal from a decision given by specialised hearing officer following a hearing without oral evidence, the appellate court should show a real reluctance, but not the very highest degree of reluctance, to interfere with the decision (absent an error of principle). Compensatory damages 14.In relation to the calculation of compensatory damages, Mr Price argued that the District Judge had failed to take into account the different acts of infringement committed by Mr Bowen, each of which should have given rise to compensation. He referred to copying by downloading, storing, cropping the Photograph, uploading and displaying it to the public. I reject this criticism. While it is true to say that there were several acts of infringement, these did not require separate calculations of damage, to be totalled the end. The question at issue was the damage suffered by Media from all the acts of infringement taken together with a substantial overlap in damage on the present facts. 15.to him several alternative comparable rates for the use of photographs of Dylan Thomas. He selected three, which he regarded as the closest, and reduced the fees charged in relation to those by reference to the period during which the Photograph was appeared on the website for holiday cottages. 16.There seems to have been some confusion about that period. The judgment states (at paragraph 10) that it appeared on the website from about 18 September 2014 until 3 January 2015, a period of a little over 15 weeks. Elsewhere, it is said that infringement was for a duration of 17 days (paragraph 27). In the Grounds of Appeal drafted by Mr Price he said that the photograph was on the website from 18 December 2014 and that Mr Bowen copied the photograph before July 2015. 17.I will take Mr Price’s date of 18 December 2014 for first use of the Photograph on the website to be correct. It was not in doubt that Mr Bowen removed the Photograph promptly from the website as soon as he received Mr Price’s complaint. Mr Price did not dispute 3 January 2015 as the date on which this happened – which makes the relevant period 17 days – and this period was not challenged by Mr Price at the hearing of the appeal. 18.The District Judge seems to have assumed that the parties would have negotiated payment by reference to the time during which the Photograph appeared on the website. I see no reference to anything that would contradict such an assumption. It is supported by the fact that Mr Price was keen to have the Photograph removed from the website when he made his initial complaint. Mr Bowen may or may not have retained a copy of the Photograph away from public display and if so, this does not seem to be Media’s primary concern. 19.In my view the District Judge correctly applied the law by reference to comparables and arrived at a figure for damages without any error of principle. Additional damages 20.21.22.23.Mr Bowen told me that he had frequently used the VisitWales,com website as a source of images for his website – over the years he had used over 100 of them taken. He said that he had always informed VisitWales of his wish to use an image and explained why, and had always been told that he could do so without charge. On this occasion he had downloaded the Photograph, intending to inform VisitWales. But 9 months elapsed before the Photograph was put on to the live website and he forgot to go through the usual procedure. 24.Mr Price said that this was a wholly new story unsupported by any documents, despite the very large number that had been generated in the proceedings. He invited me to disbelieve Mr Bowen. Mr Bowen, he argued, had demonstrated a ‘couldn’t care less’ attitude (see Nottingham Healthcare NHS Trust v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2002] R.P.C. 49) and there had been a deliberate and calculated infringement (see Ravenscroft v Herbert [1980] R.P.C. 193). 25.I find it hard to be sure whether or not Mr Bowen’s new version of events is accurate. However, s.97(2)(b) of the Act requires me to take into account all the circumstances, not just flagrancy (if there was any). Mr Bowen only used the Photograph for 17 days, removed it from the website as soon as he received notice from Mr Price and almost certainly gained no benefit from the infringement. Subject to one further point, on those facts I do not believe that an award of additional damages would be appropriate. 26.27.I have come to the view, for different reasons to those given by the District Judge, that he was right to decline to award additional damages. The law on costs 28.Costs in the IPEC small claims track are, as for other small claims tracks, governed principally by CPR 27.14. So far as is relevant, it provides: (1)
This rule applies to any case which has been allocated to the small claims track. (2)
The court may not order a party to pay a sum to another party in respect of that other party’s costs, fees and expenses, including those relating to an appeal, except – (a)
the fixed costs attributable to issuing the claim which – (i)
are payable under Part 45; or (ii)
would be payable under Part 45 if that Part applied to the claim; (b)
in proceedings which included a claim for an injunction or an order for specific performance a sum not exceeding the amount specified in Practice Direction 27 for legal advice and assistance relating to that claim; (c)
any court fees paid by that other party; (d)
expenses which a party or witness has reasonably incurred in travelling to and from a hearing or in staying away from home for the purposes of attending a hearing; (e)
a sum not exceeding the amount specified in Practice Direction 27 for any loss of earnings or loss of leave by a party or witness due to attending a hearing or to staying away from home for the purposes of attending a hearing; (f)
a sum not exceeding the amount specified in Practice Direction 27 for an expert’s fees; (g)
such further costs as the court may assess by the summary procedure and order to be paid by a party who has behaved unreasonably;
… (3)
A party’s rejection of an offer in settlement will not of itself constitute unreasonable behaviour under paragraph (2)(g) but the court may take it into consideration when it is applying the unreasonableness test. 29.Section 51(1) of the Senior Courts Act applies to costs in the small claims track as much as any other, so the basic rule is that the costs of and incidental to proceedings are in the discretion of the court. The general rules about costs contained in CPR 44 are not disapplied in relation to small claims, although where there is an inconsistency with CPR 27.14 the general provisions of CPR 44 must yield to the specific provisions of CPR 27.14 in compliance with the usual rules of construction, see Solomon v Cromwell Group plc [2012] 1 W.L.R. 1048. 30.As can be seen from CPR 27.14, the starting point is different from that which generally applies in the High Court: rather than beginning with the initial presumption that the loser pays the winner’s costs, the basic rule is that neither party will pay the other’s costs, save as provided by the stated exceptions. Costs and the overriding objective 31.I turn now to the argument that by far occupied the greater part of Mr Price’s complaint and accordingly Mr Bowen’s response. Both gentlemen filed a very large number of authorities, English cases and judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, particularly in relation to Regulation (EU) 1245/2012 as amended by Regulation (EU) 542/2014 (the recast Brussels I Regulation) and its predecessors, Regulation 44/2001 and the Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters. The main argument advanced by Mr Price and disputed by Mr Bowen was this: the District Judge’s award in costs was inconsistent with Media’s absolute right to bring proceedings wherever it pleased and, particularly by reference to the Irish proceedings, was in breach European Union law. 32.I do not believe that it is necessary for me to consider any of the authorities cited. I do not doubt that Media was entitled to sue in Ireland, the United States and anywhere else. I can say nothing about the merits of any such overseas litigation. The point is whether by choosing to conduct itself in the way it did Media imposed unfair financial pressure on Mr Bowen; further, whether in bringing such pressure (if it did) Media was in breach of the overriding objective thus entitling the District Judge to visit a sanction in costs on Media. Given the time spent by both sides on this topic, I will deal with it in a little detail. 33.The District Judge criticised Media’s parallel litigation in Ireland and threatened proceedings in the United States in this way: “[53] I also note that Mr Price has elected through his companies to sue Mr Bowen in Ireland as well as the UK, and has threatened litigation in the United States also. Both parties are UK domiciled. Mr Bowen’s website is clearly targeted at the UK. This court would have jurisdiction to deal with the entire claim. [54]Whilst I mean no disrespect to the general courts of Ireland or the United States, it would have been more efficient if the entire claim had been resolved in this court. Neither party needs expensive legal representation because they can be heard in person. Specialist intellectual property judges sit in a specialised court, capable of dealing with questions of intellectual property law without the assistance of learned counsel. Proceedings are quick and cheap. [55]Mr Price’s tactics of suing in several courts appear to be deliberately intended to maximise cost and pressure on Mr Bowen to settle.” 34.The District Judge then quoted the overriding objective contained in the Civil Procedure Rules. He said: “[58] I am concerned that Mr Price’s approach to this claim has little regard to the overriding objective, in particular [CPR Part 1, rule 1.1] (2)(b), (c), (d) and (e). I am sufficiently concerned that this seems to me to be one of the rare cases where the court should mark its disapproval of the litigation conduct of a successful party by ordering that he pay a portion of his opponent’s costs. [59] In the circumstances I order that Pablo Star Media Limited reimburse Mr Bowen his costs of attending this hearing today, which amounts to £164.10,and which may be deducted from the damages and interest awarded above.” 35.Mr Price denied that Media had threatened to sue Mr Bowen in the United States and argued that anyway to do so would also be an exercise of Media’s entitlement in law and there should have been no penalty in costs in England even if Media had made the threat alleged. 36.During the hearing of the appeal Mr Bowen found on his laptop an email to him from Mr Price dated 9 January 2015, part of a chain. Mr Price did not dispute that he had sent the email. It included this: “6. You talk about the US Library of Congress Copyright Register as being irrelevant. However in the U.S. your infringement would be deemed ‘wilful’ and statutory damages of up to $150,000 can be awarded plus costs. We have not gone there at present but could. I will save you the legal explanation for now but it is real.” 37.38.39.There are no proceedings in this jurisdiction in which, specifically, the question of ownership of the copyright of the Photograph will be determined. On the other hand there has been litigation in the English courts about whether Mr Price is entitled to restore Pablo Star, the assignee of the copyright from Gwendoline Watkins and dissolved in February 2014, to the Register of Companies solely for the purpose of pursuing an action for infringement of the copyright. Since the hearing of the appeal I have read the judgment of Behrens J in this matter, In re Pablo Star Ltd, Price v Registrar of Companies [2016] EWHC 2640 (Ch); [2017] 1 W.L.R. 299. Behrens J allowed an appeal from Registrar Barber and permitted the restoration of Pablo Star to the Register. According to the Civil Appeals case tracker, an appeal from that judgment is due to be heard on 17 October 2017. 40.a judgment properly granted in default and anyway Mr Price has not had the opportunity to say anything about it. 41.So far as the Irish proceedings are concerned, I will assume in Mr Price’s favour that his bringing those proceedings against Mr Bowen first, followed by the present litigation in England, did not of itself constitute an oppressive campaign. I do not think that the same can be said of Mr Price’s indication that if Mr Bowen did not meet his demands Media may sue in the United States and seek payment of $150,000. 42.43.Mr Price appears to be an enthusiastic litigator. I take the view that Mr Price not only indicated that Media could bring litigation in the United States absent a deal on terms satisfactory to Mr Price – he may well have made good on his indication but for the judgment from the District Judge and the present appeal. I think he did intend to put pressure on Mr Bowen and a reasonable person in Mr Bowen’s shoes would have known it. 44.The District Judge believed that this, taken together with the Irish proceedings, constituted a breach of the overriding objective, specifically CPR 1.1(2)(b),(c),(d) and (e). I think it would be more accurate to characterise the District Judge’s point as being that if the court did not sanction Media in costs, the court would be in breach of the overriding objective: “The overriding objective
1.1 (1)
These rules are a new procedural code with the overriding objective of enabling the court to deal with cases justly, having regard to any welfare issues involved. (2)
Dealing with a case justly includes, so far as is practicable – (a)
ensuring that it is dealt with expeditiously and fairly; (b)
dealing with the case in ways which are proportionate to the nature, importance and complexity of the issues; (c)
ensuring that the parties are on an equal footing; (d)
saving expense; and (e)allotting to it an appropriate share of the court's resources, while taking into account the need to allot resources to other cases.” 45.I have assumed in Mr Price’s favour that bringing the Irish proceedings did not constitute oppressive behaviour. Does that make the difference? 46.I think on balance that there was no clear error of principle. First, the discretion of the court on costs is wide save in so far as it is not specifically limited by the rules. Secondly, CPR 44.4(3)(a)(i) requires the court to have regard to the conduct of the parties before as well as during the proceedings. This implies that the court can, and sometimes should, take into account conduct which has a bearing on the proceedings even though it takes place outside the four corners of the action before the court. That could include the threat of overseas litigation to attempt to pressurise a party with limited financial resources into an unfair settlement. It does include the suggested litigation against Mr Bowen in the United States. 47.I am not entirely sure that I would have made the same order as the District Judge, but I do not believe that I should interfere with the decision that Media should pay Mr Bowen’s travelling costs of £164.10.