The appeal
20.At the hearing of the appeal the appellant was represented by Mr Paul Clarke, who had not appeared before the FTT and had not settled the ground of appeal. The respondent continued to be represented by Mr Madge-Wyld.The scope of the appeal21.There was some discussion between Mr Clarke and the Tribunal about the scope of the appeal. The application for permission to appeal was supported by draft grounds of appeal running to 12 paragraphs. These drew attention to the FTT’s acceptance that in principle and subject to any necessary adjustments the price achieved on a sale of the subject property shortly before the valuation date indicated its value. Reference was then made to the auction price of £91,000. The draft grounds of appeal went on:“The tribunal was wrong to assess the premium at just £30,000 in these circumstances. At a minimum, the premium should have been £91,000, no reason having been put forward for adjusting the real value downwards.”22.The draft grounds complained that the decision was almost entirely lacking in any reasoning and that such reasoning as there was, was wrong. The remaining paragraphs of the draft grounds explained why the FTT had been wrong to reject Mr Dhaneo’s residual valuation and to overlook the evidence which, it was maintained, demonstrated that the value of the property was not less than £91,000.23.The Tribunal granted permission to appeal on the single limited ground that the FTT did not explain why it did not regard the recent auction purchase price as a reliable indicator of market value. Permission was specifically refused in relation to the arguments concerning Mr Dhanoa’s residual valuation because the FTT had explained why it regarded it as unrealistic.24.Despite the terms in which permission was granted Mr Clarke suggested that the appeal ought not to be limited to a challenge to the sufficiency of the FTT’s reasons. He maintained that the reasons were inadequate and that the appeal ought to be allowed on that basis but he nevertheless submitted that the appeal should extend also to the general proposition that the FTT’s valuation was “wrong”. He pointed out that, in granting permission to appeal, the Tribunal had not referred to the whole of the discussion in the grounds of appeal and it should be taken to have given permission for any argument that had not specifically been refused. 25.We do not think there is any doubt about the scope of the Tribunal’s permission to appeal. The only ground of challenge referred to is the FTT’s omission to explain why it did not regard the recent auction purchased price as a reliable indicator of market value. A statement that “permission is granted on that ground” does not seem to us to be capable of a more expansive interpretation.The Tribunal’s practice in valuation appeals from the FTT26.When the Tribunal gave permission to appeal it directed that the appeal would be a review of the decision of the FTT “with a view to a rehearing”. As the Tribunal’s Practice Directions explain, at paragraphs 8.2 and 8.4, appeals from the FTT usually take the form of a review of the decision at which the Tribunal considers oral or written argument but does not hear evidence. To avoid the cost and delay of sending a successful appeal back to the FTT for further consideration the Tribunal may direct that an appeal will be dealt with by a review “with a view to a re-hearing”. Where this direction has been given the Tribunal will hear argument on the appeal and, if it decides to allow the appeal, will proceed (usually at the same hearing) to re-hear all or part of the evidence and make a new decision.27.There was also some discussion at the start of the appeal on the practice of the Tribunal on hearing appeals from the FTT in valuation cases. The practice of the Tribunal’s statutory predecessor, the Lands Tribunal, when it heard appeals from decisions of leasehold valuation tribunals was always to conduct a re-hearing; the consequences of that former practice were explained by the Lands Tribunal in Wellcome Trust Limited v Rominees [1999] 3 EGLR 299. The practice of conducting all appeals from the FTT and its predecessor tribunals as rehearings has not been followed by this Tribunal since its establishment in 2010. Unless a specific direction has been given, all appeals from the FTT will involve a review of the decision. No evidence will be heard unless, exceptionally, the Tribunal has directed that the appeal is to be conducted by way of rehearing or, after conducting a review, it has set aside the decision and is proceeding to remake it rather than remitting the claim to the FTT for redetermination.28.The only difference between valuation cases and other FTT appeals (or those from leasehold valuation and residential property tribunals in Wales) is that where the issue is a valuation issue the Tribunal will be marginally more inclined to direct a rehearing so that it can make more effective use of its special expertise in valuation (as it is required to do by rule 2(2)(d) of the Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) (Lands Chamber) Rules 2010).The sufficiency of the FTT’s reasoning29.Despite this being the only ground on which permission to appeal had been obtained, Mr Clarke made limited submissions in support of the proposition that the FTT’s reasoning had been inadequate. 30.We were referred to the decision of the Court of Appeal in Flannery v The Halifax Estate Agents Limited [2000] 1 WLR 377 which discussed the duty of a judge to explain why they have reached their decision. In that case after a hearing lasting eight days, at least four of which consisted of expert evidence, the trial judge had dealt with the profound disagreement between the experts in only a few lines, saying no more than that he preferred the evidence of the defendant’s expert to that of the plaintiff’s. The Court of Appeal set aside the decision, describing it as “entirely opaque”. In its discussion of the requirement to give reasons the Court explained, at 382A:“The extent of the duty, or rather the reach of what is required to fulfil it, depends on the subject matter. Where there is a straightforward factual dispute whose resolution depends simply on which witness is telling the truth about events which he claims to recall, it is likely to be enough for the judge (having, no doubt, summarised the evidence) to indicate simply that he believes X rather than Y; indeed, there may be nothing else to say. But where the dispute involves something in the nature of an intellectual exchange, with reasons and analysis advanced on either side, the judge must enter into the issues canvassed before him and explain why he prefers one case over the other. This is likely to apply particularly in litigation where, as here, there is disputed expert evidence; but it is not necessarily limited to such cases.”31.We have no doubt that the FTT gave a sufficient explanation of its reasons for preferring the views of the respondent’s expert to those of the appellant’s. Mr Dhanao’s residual valuation was “not a reliable basis upon which to assess the premium”. That was a matter of valuation judgment which not only was not challenged by Mr Clarke but was positively supported by him. The FTT was right to say that the valuation was unsupported by evidence about the likelihood of planning permission being obtained; that depended on design issues which Mr Dhaneo had assumed would be satisfactorily resolved. It was also right that he had given little consideration to the practicalities of undertaking the development. It correctly recorded that the pre-application advice showed that there was very little prospect of any rooftop development. Summarising all of those conclusions the FTT was entitled to say simply that any purchaser would consider this to be “a very speculative development opportunity” and to value it on that basis at the figure suggested by Mr Hayes.32.There is, superficially at least, more substance in the suggestion that the FTT should have discussed the significance of the price paid for the subject property at auction only four months before the valuation date. But on closer consideration the reason for that omission is quite clear. The FTT recorded that Mr Dhanao himself did not consider the auction price to be a relevant factor and had given no evidence about why his client had paid so high a sum. The appellant can therefore have been left in no doubt, reading the FTT’s decision, why it had not found that the premium should be at least £91,000. The appellant can be taken to have read the evidence presented on its behalf and would have appreciated that it had been no part of its own case that that auction figure was an appropriate premium for the respondents to pay. It would have understood that its own expert witness did not regard the auction price to be a relevant consideration, and that he did not even refer to it in support of an alternative valuation if his more ambitious development value was rejected. 33.The only evidence concerning the auction price given on behalf of the respondent by its expert, Mr Hayes, focussed on explaining why it was an unrealistic and excessive price which did not reflect the sum that could reasonably be expected to be paid on another occasion in the open market. The FTT’s conclusion that a purchaser would consider that the very speculative development opportunity added no more than £10,000, as Mr Hayes had proposed, would be understood by an informed reader of the decision as an acceptance of Mr Hayes’ view and the reasons he had given for it.34.We therefore dismiss the suggestion that the FTT’s decision was inadequately reasoned.Was the FTT’s valuation “wrong”?35.Although he did not have permission to appeal on this ground, we nevertheless heard Mr Clarke’s submissions that, having dismissed Mr Dhanao’s residual valuation, the FTT ought not to have accepted Mr Hayes’ valuation. Mr Clarke described Mr Hayes’ evidence as “a hypothetical attempt to get into the mind of the purchaser” and submitted that the FTT ought to have rejected that attempt and given much greater weight to the evidence of the behaviour of real purchasers in the market whose competitive bidding had established a market value of £91,000 only four months before the valuation date. 36.Mr Clarke suggested that the FTT had correctly identified that the purchase price of £91,000 should be the starting point of its determination of the premium, “subject to any necessary adjustment (statutory or otherwise)”. He referred to the observations of Lewison LJ in Trustees of Sloan Stanley Estate v Mundy [2018] 1 WLR 4751, at [42], which had been referred to by the FTT:“Sometimes markets behave irrationally. The Tulip mania of the mid-seventeenth century, the South Sea Bubble of the early eighteenth century, the railway mania of the mid-nineteenth century and the dot-com bubble of the late twentieth century are well-known examples. Even in the absence of these extreme examples, markets are often influenced by what John Maynard Keynes called "animal spirits". In my judgment there is no legal justification in a case like this for ignoring real market transactions.”37.Mr Clarke also referred to the decision of the Tribunal (Mr A J Trott FRICS) in Allen v Leicester City Council [2013] UKUT 16 (LC) in which it had rejected the use of a residual valuation and favoured a recent auction price as a reliable guide to value in a compulsory purchase case. At [45] the Tribunal said this:“An auction is a recognised method of disposal to achieve open market value. Bids are made openly. It differs from an informal or formal tender where prospective purchasers make their offers in confidence and where there is scope for misjudging the market and offering considerably more than the other bidders.”38.Mr Clarke submitted that the FTT should have been guided by these statements of principle and, that whatever the inadequacies of the appellant’s own evidence, it was wrong not to have arrived at a valuation based on the open market value established by the very recent auction price.39.Mr Clarke’s submissions came close to the proposition that, as a matter of law, the FTT was not entitled to arrive at a valuation lower than the auction price. We reject that submission. The determination of the open market value of a property on a particular valuation date is a matter of valuation judgment. The question is a question of fact, not one of law. Statements by judges identifying valuation principles do not lay down rules of law. That was one of the grounds on which, in the Mundy case, Lewison LJ dismissed an appeal against the Tribunal’s refusal to adopt the so called “Parthenia model” for converting values derived from sales of leases into a value to be ascribed to the freehold. At [27] he made the important point (because an appeal to the Court of Appeal lies on a point of law only) that: “Whether to accept or reject the Parthenia model (unless perverse) was a question of fact for the UT.”40.In Allen v Leicester City Council the Tribunal was not laying down any different rule about a price demonstrated by an auction sale. As the Tribunal has recently said, in Brickfield Properties Limited v Ullah [2022] UKUT 25 (LC), at [33], referring to Allen: “The Tribunal was not suggesting that an auction sale must prevail in all circumstances, in the face of all competing evidence.”41.The FTT could, of course, have arrived at a figure based on the auction price despite the fact that neither of the experts appearing before it considered that that was a reliable guide to value. But in the face of a consensus that the auction price was either irrationally high or irrationally low, and in any event did not represent open market value, in our judgment the FTT cannot be criticised for failing to give it greater weight. It had heard evidence that the auction vendor had attributed a guide price of £15,000 to the property. It had heard no evidence from the appellants of their own reasons for paying £91,000. It was entitled to assume (as we were informed was the case) that there had been competitive bidding up to that level, but it was entitled to accept the evidence of Mr Hayes that the participants in the auction had taken “an expensive punt” and that it was very unlikely that a purchaser on a later occasion would take the same optimistic view.42.In Mundy, Lewison LJ qualified his observation that valuation issues were issues of fact which could not be the subject of an appeal to the Court of Appeal on a point of law “unless perverse”. Appeals to this Tribunal on valuation issues are not restricted to appeals on points of law, but nevertheless, where a first-tier tribunal has heard the evidence of two experts and accepted the view of one of them, it will rarely be possible for this Tribunal to say that it was not entitled to do so unless the view which it accepted proceeded on the basis of some identifiable error of approach. We can find no such error in the decision of the FTT, or in the evidence of Mr Hayes which it accepted. Both acknowledged the significance of the auction price and Mr Hayes explained why he considered it would not be repeated. Where an appeal is being conducted as a review, in the absence of some flaw sufficiently significant to vitiate the FTT’s valuation it is not for this Tribunal to substitute a different valuation of its own. There is no such flaw in this case and we therefore dismiss the appeal.Martin Rodger QC, Mark Higgin FRICS Deputy Chamber President 18 August 2022