SENTENCIA CONSTITUCIONAL Plurinacional 0034/2022-S1

I.1. Contenido de la demanda

Por memorial presentado el 2 de diciembre de 2020, cursante de fs. 34 a 37 vta., el accionante a través de sus representantes sin mandato, manifestó los siguientes argumentos de hecho y derecho:

I.1.1. Hechos que motivan la acción

Dentro del proceso penal seguido por el Ministerio Público a denuncia de Eugenio Palma Portocarrero en su contra y otros por la presunta comisión de los delitos de asesinato, robo agravado y tenencia o portación ilícita de arma de fuego mediante Auto Interlocutorio 238/20 se dispuso la cesación a la detención preventiva, imponiéndosele siete medidas cautelares entre ellas “…5.- Dos garantes, las mismas que deben contar con domicilio propio y trabajo establecido y debe ser acreditado con documental ante el despacho judicial…” (sic).

Así, el 17 de agosto de 2020, ofreció garantes personales con domicilio propio y trabajo establecido; sin embargo, por providencia de la misma fecha fueron rechazados sin fundamentación alguna.

Posteriormente, el Ministerio Público presentó acusación formal radicando la causa penal en el Tribunal de Sentencia Penal Sexto de la Capital del departamento de Santa Cruz. A tal efecto, el 14 de octubre de 2020, pidió sustitución de garantes en las personas de Elías Camacho Guzmán y Alex Himán Rodríguez Poma adjuntando documentación que acreditaba domicilio propio y trabajo establecido. Por providencia del 15 del mismo mes y año, nuevamente se rechazó su solicitud con fundamento en que no se acreditó la solvencia económica de los prenombrados.

Al no adecuarse dicha resolución a las formalidades legales establecidas para la fianza personal confundiéndose con los requisitos exigidos en la fianza real, el 23 de octubre de 2020 interpuso recurso de reposición mereciendo como respuesta el Auto Interlocutorio de 26 del mismo mes y año, que fundamentó su decisión por “…la existencia de una garantía hipotecaria que posee el inmueble del garante ofrecido Elías Camacho Guzmán así también la exigencia de demostrar ingreso mensual fijo ya que según para el tribunal de Sentencia no es suficiente tener un negocio propio debidamente registrado; y con relación al garante ofrecido a Alex Himon Rodríguez Poma, el Tribunal de sentencia para poder verificar la solvencia económica de dicho garante exige saber el valor comercial de su bien inmueble, así también pide que la defensa demuestre con documentación legal el vínculo laboral con su empleador, así  como el legal funcionamiento de las actividades” (sic).

De esa forma solicita que el Tribunal de garantías, analice si las autoridades demandadas aplicaron el principio de objetividad en la valoración de la prueba aportada en el ofrecimiento de garantes personales.

I.1.2. Derechos supuestamente vulnerados

El impetrante de tutela considera lesionados sus derechos a la libertad y al debido proceso; citando al efecto los arts. 115 y 178 parágrafo I de la Constitución Política del Estado (CPE).

I.1.3. Petitorio

Solicita se conceda la tutela impetrada; y en consecuencia, se ordene su libertad, previa audiencia de constitución de garantes personales ofrecidos dentro del plazo de cuarenta y ocho horas.

I.2. Audiencia y Resolución del Juez de garantías

Celebrada la audiencia pública el 4 de diciembre de 2020, según consta acta cursante de fs. 122 a 127, se produjeron los siguientes actuados: 

I.2.1. Ratificación y ampliación de la acción

El accionante a través de sus representantes sin mandato, ratificó el contenido de la acción presentada y ampliando los argumentos de la misma señaló que transcurrieron cinco meses desde que se concedió la cesación de la detención preventiva sin poder efectivizarla en razón a que las autoridades demandada realizan observaciones excesivas incurriendo en un accionar dilatorio que no le permite efectivizar su cesación a la detención preventiva.

I.2.2. Informe de las autoridades demandadas                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

Sandra Villafuerte Sejas, Ana Canizares Ortiz y José Emerson Figueroa Morales, Jueces del Tribunal de Sentencia Penal Sexto de la Capital del departamento de Santa Cruz, por informe escrito cursante de fs. 119 a 121 vta., señalaron que resulta falso que la providencia de 15 de octubre de 2020 y el Auto interlocutorio de reposición de 26 del mismo mes y año confunda los requisitos de cumplimiento de la fianza económica con los de la fianza personal sino más bien se encuentran debidamente fundamentadas conforme lo establecido por los art. 241 y 243 del Código de Procedimiento Penal (CPP) y la jurisprudencia constitucional dictada al efecto; posteriormente, las referidas autoridades jurisdiccionales transcribieron el contenido esencial de ambas determinaciones que en su criterio permiten denegar la tutela.               .

I.2.3. Resolución

El Juez de Sentencia Penal Noveno y Anticorrupción y contra la Violencia hacia la Mujer de la Capital del departamento de Santa Cruz, constituido en Juez de garantías mediante Resolución 24/2020 de 4 de diciembre, cursante de fs. 125 a 127, denegó  la tutela solicitada bajo los siguientes fundamentos: a) Del análisis de la prueba aportada se evidencia que las autoridades demandadas emitieron la providencia de 15 de octubre de 2020 que ordenó que el acusado -hoy impetrante de tutela- se encuentre a lo determinado por Resolución de 17 de agosto del mismo año, la cual observó que los garantes deben cumplir con los presupuestos previstos en los arts. 241 y 243 del CPP, que ante la interposición del recurso de reposición se resolvió de forma válida apegando sus actuaciones a lo previsto en la normativa procesal, respondiendo de forma concreta a la solicitud del procesado bajo el principio de objetividad y debida fundamentación; b) En caso de perjuicios de un proveído o de una resolución, el accionante tiene los mecanismos intra procesales en la vía ordinaria, a efectos de corregir algún error o defecto del mismo, máxime si al momento de la presentación de la demanda tutelar los supuestos fácticos cesaron debiéndose dar estricto cumplimiento a dichas observaciones para que se concrete la materialización de su cesación a la detención preventiva; y, c) La jurisdicción constitucional no puede considerar los elementos de prueba que ya fueron valorados por la jurisdicción ordinaria, principalmente si el accionante cuenta con  los recursos que la ley franquea.