[email protected]
was set up. 36. Mr Stimson using the Claimant’s computer system emailed customers such as John Lewis on 31st May 2007. That email was copied to the Concept-sales hotmail address. The email said (in part):-“Crowson’s have requested for me not to inform you that I will be leaving Crowson on 8th June but I feel that you need to be informed before I actually leave out of courtesy.
I am setting up a new fabric company with a colleague which will operate in a new format within the trade.
We already have a few exclusive deals that have been agreed with a number of high profile suppliers and have a number of products that I think you may be interested in. We have the flexibility of being able to sell under our own brand at great prices due to our structure.
We have secured private investors to support the company so we can give quality service to our customers from the beginning”
37. In my view this was a flagrant breach of Mr Stimson’s duties of fidelity. It is not for him to communicate to Customers behind the Claimant’s back when he is told not to do so. The only possible reason for this was to tell the customer that he was going to set up a rival. Thus he solicited the custom of such customers. Mr Stimson in his evidence said it and the other solicitations discovered by the Claimant were unsuccessful. There are 2 ripostes to that. First it is his conduct that is relevant not whether it was successful and second there may have been other attempts which have not yet been discovered. I do not criticise the Claimant for not contacting customers and saying in effect “Has Mr Stimson solicited your custom?” That would be commercial suicide. Further customers rarely like to become involved in turf war disputes.38. On 6th June 2007 Mr Stimson using Crowson’s computer system sent to the Concept hotmail address a list of more than 70 email addresses stored on Crowson’s computer system outlook address book. The next day he arranged for a junior employee in Crowson’s IT department to organise a telephone system for Concept and the production of a letterhead for it. Both of these actions again are flagrant breaches of his duty of fidelity as an employee in my view although the latter item is probably of little significance beyond showing that Mr Stimson simply looks to his own needs and saw nothing wrong in helping himself to the Claimant’s resources if it suited his needs.39. The Claimant alleges that Mr Rider and Mr Stimson left its employment on 8th June 2007 and without its knowledge or consent they had already provided to Concept and or took with them or retained the spreadsheet and email addresses referred to above and the documents identified in schedule 1 to the Particulars of Claim. The Schedule lists a large number of documents which are plainly in my view Crowson documents. They were all delivered up by Mr Rider/Mr Stimson between 10th and 12th October 2007.40. By amendments to the Particulars of Claim (paragraphs 26A and 37A) the Claimant introduced new allegations. First was the allegation that Mr Rider and Mr Stimson solicited 2 of Crowson’s European Sales Agents namely Mr Groot and Mr Basso with a view to obtaining customers business introduced through those agents for Concept. 41. The second allegation is that whilst still employed by the Claimant Mr Rider and Mr Stimson diverted enquiries about new business and new orders received by them at the Claimant’s office to Concept. Express reference is made to an email enquiry sent by Mr Rider to his home email account on 8th June 2007 relating to an enquiry about new business from Geert Van Brussel of BRU textiles NV and an email sent by Mr Stimson on 5th June relating to an enquiry from Mustafa at Rodesma and a further email sent by him to his email account relating to an enquiry about a new account from Dean Worsley a sole trader in the Algarve.42. I will deal with these allegations in more detail when I analyse the evidence but for present purposes I observe that the general thrust of the Claimant’s allegations is not disputed by the Defendants. Their case is that what they did was not actionable. 43. Included in the large amount of documentation handed over by the Defendants to the Claimant set out above were items 1-4 and 6 of a list of 6 items which the Claimant contended contained confidential material these were included in what was called the confidential exhibit as follows:- (1) Customer listing – 8th August 2005 (2) Crowson’s worldwide customer sales database (3) Sales by customer by class 2006-7 (4) Supplier Bible (5) Concept forecast sales by customer. This document was found on Mr Rider’s old Crowson computer by the Claimant. He admitted in cross examination that he had printed off a copy but denied that he had retained a copy. I do not accept that evidence. He never explained what happened to the copy and I can see no reason why he would not having created the document not utilise it and very good reasons for doing so. It is of course no use to Crowson. (6) Express costing44. Item 4 is a significant document. It was the Supplier Bible created in April by Mr Rider and the electronic version delivered up by the Defendants was created on 12th May 2007. This was a document which Mr Rider was asked to work on in the last few weeks of his notice period. It contains each supplier’s name, address, full contact details, agents details, the individually negotiated carriage costs, lead times, type of product, what trade show they visited and the specifically negotiated costs for each of the transactions. Mr Worrall in his witness statement (paragraph 62) contended that this document was the combination of years of work and the value of the information to a competitor was literally priceless. He could not emphasise how much an advantage any competitor would have by receiving this information. I can see no legitimate reason for the copy to be created and retained by Mr Rider. The reality is that by retaining these documents the Defendants have saved themselves the trouble and time they would need to transform what they retained in their heads and what they could find by research on the internet or other sources or by contacting suppliers and customers. In other words in my view they have mounted a classic springboard operation using the Claimant’s documents to provide themselves with a ready made source of everything they need for their fledgling business without themselves putting in the effort to put the material together.45. Item 5 was a sales forecast for Concept. It was based entirely on taking the Claimant’s sales for 2007 and 2006 applying those to Concept and assuming that it would be able to obtain turnover of that amount. The Claimant found this on Mr Rider’s desktop computer at the Claimants. It was not hidden in the sense that it was not deleted from the Claimant’s computer. Other items were then discovered as set out in paragraph 5 of Mr Maynard’s first witness statement.46. The Claimant initially asked that the hearing take place in Private when the details of those documents were considered. Sitting like that causes logistical difficulties and does not cover the difficulty that might ensue if documents are inadvertently referred to whilst the court is in open sitting. I accordingly heard the entirety of the case in Private. I will not refer to any of the confidential material in detail in this judgment as it is not necessary so to do in my opinion but will maintain the privacy as regards the hearing after the judgment is delivered.
- MR JUSTICE PETER SMITH
- INTRODUCTION
- EVIDENCE
- THE CLAIM
- MR RIDER
- MR STIMSON
- THE COMPANY HANDBOOK
- ALLEGATIONS AGAINST DEFENDANTS
- [email protected]
- DEFENDANTS’ STANCE
- CONSIDERATION OF DEFENDANT GENERATED DOCUMENTS
- THE DEFENDANTS’ EXPLANATIONS
- “emphatic no orders were placed, deliveries taken or premises contracted for prior to 8th June. Any activities carried out in the notice period which related to Concept were no more that merely preparatory”
- EPI Environmental Technologies Inc & Anr v Symphony Plastic [2004] EWHC 2945 (Ch)
- IDC v Cooley [1972] 1 WLR 443.
- DEFENDANTS’ DUTIES
- “he came to rely on me to remember and know the operational details of the business”
- “Supplier Bible”
- Tesco Stores Ltd v Pook [2004] IRLR 618.
- Hanco ATM Systems Ltd v Cashbox [2007] EWHC 1599 (Ch).
- University of Nottingham v Fishel [2000] IRLR 471
- Helmut Intgrated Systems Ltd v Tunnard [2007] IRLR 126
- Helmut
- Nottingham University
- what the Defendants did.
- ACTS DONE BY THE DEFENDANTS
- “The Legitimacy of Preparatory Activity”
- ). In
- Balston Ltd & Anr v Headline Filters Ltd & Anr
- [1990] FSR 385 a former director who set up a rival factory and had taken a lease on future business premises and formed a company for his activity was held by Falconer J (at 412 ) neither to have breached his duty of good faith nor his fiduciary duty; he had merely taken preliminary steps to investigate the viability of his plan and to advance his intention.
- [2003] 2 BCLC decided that a director who has irrevocably formed an intention to engage in a competing business and has taken preparatory steps cannot rely upon the public interest in favouring competitive business as an answer to allegations of breach of fiduciary duty. He can only put an end to his fiduciary obligation by resigning his directorship. Until he has done so, preparatory steps taken in pursuance of an irrevocable intention to compete would generally amount to a breach of his fiduciary obligations as director (see para 89).
- Shepherd Investments Limited and Anr v Walters & Anr
- ]2006] EWHC 836 (Ch). He held that when former directors and employee set up a competing business, diverting business opportunities and misusing confidential information, they had acted in breach not only of their fiduciary obligations but their implied obligation of fidelity the moment that they procured the services of attorneys in the Cayman Islands to set up the rival business. On the facts of that case, he held that a former employee was also in breach of obligations as a fiduciary, whether or not he was to be regarded as a director, and that he was in breach of his duty of fidelity. The case affords an example, on its facts, of work of preparation which constituted breaches of both the implied duty of fidelity and fiduciary duties.
- USE OF INFORMATION
- Market Maker Beijing Co Ltd & Ors v CMC Group PLC & Ors [2004] EWHC 2208
- provided
- Seager v Copydex (No1) [1967] RPC 349.
- This is the collision between the first part of the Saltman judgment referred to above and the second part.
- It is well illustrated by the decision cited by Mr Prescott QC of O. Mustad & Son-v- Dosen (note) [1964] 1 WLR 109 (H.L.). Junior counsel for Symphony usefully also obtained the Court of Appeal decision from the Lincoln’s Inn Law Library.
- “The learned Judge discussed with the Jury what constitutes a trade secret, but of course it is no good discussing what constitutes a trade secret if the person who is the owner of the particular thing which is claimed to be a trade secret has never made a secret of it. For instance, it is no use suggesting that Thoring’s machine was a trade secret if as a matter of fact Thorings had allowed people to inspect the machine during construction or had exhibited it at a trade exhibition or something of that kind. It is no use saying it is very valuable; it is no use saying it might have been a trade secret if I had locked it up and allowed nobody to have access to it, and allowed nobody except a particular man to know how it was constructed, and so forth. No evidence seems to have been given about it – well, I will not say no evidence seems to have been given about it but it seems to have been treated at the trial as though the machine was a trade secret of Thoring’s, and a question was put to the Jury, and the only question put to the Jury was on the footing apparently that it was a trade secret, and that in spite of the fact that the only man who knew anything really about it (Dosen) did say, and said more than once in his evidence, that it never was a secret, and that Thorings never treated it as a secret, and that it was quite open to everybody in the works to know exactly what it was and how it had been made, and the progress it was making and all the rest of it. It does seem to me, when one is considering what ought to be done in this case, one cannot overlook the fact that there was before the learned Judge, and there was before Counsel, evidence that this machine really – if the point had been properly investigated – turned out not to be a trade secret at all. However, that point apparently has never been decided.”
- Faccenda
- Thomas Marshall (Exports) Ltd V Guinle [1979] 1 Ch 227
- LEGITIMATE USE
- Robb v Green [1895] 2 QB 1
- peculiarly valuable. He would be saved the expense and delay of searches, such as would be necessary to enable him to compile such a list for himself. Practically, to bring all those names together, even though singly each may appear in some directory or other, would be almost impossible; and it would obviously be much more difficult to ascertain whether they would be likely customers for pheasants' eggs. By making a copy of the order-book defendant was able to canvass at once each of his master's customers without trouble or expense; and the conversation with Mr. Barclay shows that he looked upon the list in that light. The collection together of these names and addresses in his order-book was the property of the plaintiff. It is the compilation which made the book and the list so valuable to the defendant, and facilitated his endeavours to entice his master's customers to the detriment of the latter.”
- copying or extracting such names and addresses.
- Roger Bullivant Ltd v Ellis [1987] ICR 464 C.A.
- Robb
- [1895] 2 Q.B. 315, affirming the very elaborate and illuminating judgment of Hawkins J. [1895] 2 Q.B. 1, as Greer L.J. described it in
- [1935] 2 K.B. 80, 85. Mr. Fitzgerald sought to avoid the application of the rule to the present case by relying on the evidence already quoted from paragraph 16 of the first defendant's second affidavit, which is to the effect that he only used the card index for the purpose of looking up the addresses, freely available elsewhere, of people who were already known to him personally. I will only say that that evidence falls short of convincing me that that would be found at trial to have been the first defendant's only use of material which, on his own evidence, was prepared at his request nearly five years after he joined the plaintiffs and only some two months before he gave in his notice. Be that as it may, and even allowing for some differences of fact between the two cases, I think that Mr. Fitzgerald's submission is effectively disposed of by a passage in the judgment of Hawkins J. in
- The value of the card index to the defendants was that it contained a ready and finite compilation of the names and addresses of those who had brought or might bring business to the plaintiffs and who might bring business to them. Most of the cards carried the name or names of particular individuals to be contacted. While I recognise that it would have been possible for the first defendant to contact some, perhaps many, of the people concerned without using the card index, I am far from convinced that he would have been able to contact anywhere near all of those whom he did contact between February and April 1985. Having made deliberate and unlawful use of the plaintiffs' property, he cannot complain if he finds that the eye of the law is unable to distinguish between those whom, had he so chosen, he could have contacted lawfully and those whom he could not. In my judgment it is of the highest importance that the principle of
- Bullivant
- “fully armed as it were”
- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CLAIMS
- Employee Competition"
- the Copyright and Rights in Database Regulations 1997
- Acts infringing Database right
- whether of financial, human or technical resources.
- Bullivant
- “Confidentiality”
- Crown Dilmun v Sutton [2004] EWHC 52 (Ch).
- World Wide Fund for Nature v World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc [2006] EWHC 184 (Ch).
