Case No. UKUT-00433-(IAC)

v SSWP [2014] CJEU C-507/12. The hearing 9. Mr Fouladvand submitted that the appellant had been a worker, a status she had retained pursuant to regulation 6(2) and that she had retained her status whilst in receipt of Job Seekers Allowance (“JSA”) and while undergoing approved training on the three occasions – 11 June 2007 to 14 September 2007, 14 April to 25 July 2008 and 15 March 2009 to 18 May 2009 - as identified in the letter from Jobcentre Plus dated 7 April 2014 . He submitted that she had been a worker when she entered (as a jobseeker), and had not lost that status, and, alternatively that the finding she had not worked was not one open to the First-tier Tribunal. 10. Ms Wise submitted that the appellant had not been a “worker” prior to commencing employment in September 2009. On that basis regulation 6(2) was not engaged and that there was no reason to overturn the findings of fact made by Judge Blum in particular at [23]. She submitted further that the attendance at approved training could not be equated with employment given there was no contract of employment and no evidence of payment of wages and whilst JSA and credits were given, with a slight top-up being offered as an incentive, this did not equate to work and thus somebody attending training could not be seen as “worker”. 11. Ms Wise submitted further that there was adequate evidence for the conclusion that the appellant had no genuine chance of being engaged given the length of time she had taken to find employment and also the fact that she had been required to go on three separate training courses including English for the Speakers of Other Languages (“ESOL”). 12. In reply Mr Fouladvand submitted that even were the appellant not to have been found to be a worker prior to her start of employment in September 2009, she was nonetheless a qualified person as a jobseeker. 13. It was agreed that we would accept further written submissions on the nature of approved in training but we received submissions from the respondent alone. Our Assessment 14. The question of whether or not the appellants had resided in accordance with the EEA Regulations turns on whether the appellant had been a “qualified person” for the relevant period. It is not submitted that she met that definition other than as a “worker” or “jobseeker”. 15. The starting point for our analysis of the law is the EEA Regulations which transpose Directive 2004/38/EC (“the Citizenship Directive”) into domestic law. The EEA Regulations define “worker” for their purposes as meaning a worker within the meaning of Article 39 TFEU (now article 45). 16. We bear in mind that in analysing the EEA Regulations, we are assessing the law as it was on 28 October 2013, the date of the First-tier Tribunal’s decision. We note that regulation 6 of the EEA Regulations has been amended extensively since that date, by the Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/3032), the Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 (SI 2014/1451) and the Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 2014 (SI 2014/2761). In each case, there are in any event transitional provisions which we do not set out here. 17. Regulation 6 of the EEA Regulations provided at the date of the First-tier Tribunal’s decision: 6.—(1) In these Regulations, “qualified person” means a person who is an EEA national and in the United Kingdom as— (a) a jobseeker; (b) a worker; (c) a self-employed person; (d) a self-sufficient person; or (e) a student. (2) A person who is no longer working shall not cease to be treated as a worker for the purpose of paragraph (1)(b) if— (a) he is temporarily unable to work as the result of an illness or accident; (b) he is in duly recorded involuntary unemployment after having been employed in the United Kingdom, provided that he has registered as a jobseeker with the relevant employment office and— (i) he was employed for one year or more before becoming unemployed; (ii) he has been unemployed for no more than six months; or (iii) he can provide evidence that he is seeking employment in the United Kingdom and has a genuine chance of being engaged; (c) he is involuntarily unemployed and has embarked on vocational training; or (d) he has voluntarily ceased working and embarked on vocational training that is related to his previous employment. (3) A person who is no longer in self-employment shall not cease to be treated as a self-employed person for the purpose of paragraph (1)(c) if he is temporarily unable to pursue his activity as a self-employed person as the result of an illness or accident. (4) For the purpose of paragraph (1)(a), “jobseeker” means a person who enters the United Kingdom in order to seek employment and can provide evidence that he is seeking employment and has a genuine chance of being engaged. 18. Article 45 (ex article 39) of TFEU provides:- Article 45 (ex Article 39 TEC) 1. Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Union. 2. Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment. 3. It shall entail the right, subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health: (a) to accept offers of employment actually made; (b) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose; (c) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law, regulation or administrative action; (d) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State, subject to conditions which shall be embodied in regulations to be drawn up by the Commission. 4. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to employment in the public service. 19. This provision has been supplemented by Directive 2004/38/EC (“the Citizens’ Directive”) and also Regulation 492/2011. 20. The Citizens Directive provides within its recitals: (9) Union citizens should have the right of residence in the host Member State for a period not exceeding three months without being subject to any conditions or any formalities other than the requirement to hold a valid identity card or passport, without prejudice to a more favourable treatment applicable to jobseekers as recognised by the case-law of the Court of Justice. (10) Persons exercising their right of residence should not, however, become an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State during an initial period of residence. Therefore, the right of residence for Union citizens and their family members for periods in excess of three months should be subject to conditions. 21. The Citizens Directive also provides at Article 7: Article 7 Right of residence for more than three months 1. All Union citizens shall have the right of residence on the territory of another Member State for a period of longer than three months if they: (a) are workers or self-employed persons in the host Member State; or (b) have sufficient resources for themselves and their family members not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State during their period of residence and have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State; or (c) – are enrolled at a private or public establishment, accredited or financed by the host Member State on the basis of its legislation or administrative practice, for the principal purpose of following a course of study, including vocational training; and – have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State and assure the relevant national authority, by means of a declaration or by such equivalent means as they may choose, that they have sufficient resources for themselves and their family members not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State during their period of residence; or, (d) are family members accompanying or joining a Union citizen who satisfies the conditions referred to in points (a), (b) or (c). 2. The right of residence provided for in paragraph 1 shall extend to family members who are not nationals of a Member State, accompanying or joining the Union citizen in the host Member State, provided that such Union citizen satisfies the conditions referred to in paragraph 1(a), (b) or (c). 3. For the purposes of paragraph 1(a), a Union citizen who is no longer a worker or self-employed person shall retain the status of worker or self-employed person in the following circumstances: (a) he/she is temporarily unable to work as the result of an illness or accident; (b) he/she is in duly recorded involuntary unemployment after having been employed for more than one year and has registered as a jobseeker with the relevant employment office; (c) he/she is in duly recorded involuntary unemployment after completing a fixed-term employment contract of less than a year or after having become involuntarily unemployed during the first twelve months and has registered as a jobseeker with the relevant employment office. In this case, the status of worker shall be retained for no less than six months; (d) he/she embarks on vocational training. Unless he/she is involuntarily unemployed, the retention of the status of worker shall require the training to be related to the previous employment. 22. There is a substantial jurisprudence of the CJEU dealing with workers and job seekers. Much of this pre-dates the Citizens Directive which, in part, seeks to enact principles derived from the jurisprudence. 23. We draw the following principles from the jurisprudence: (i) the term ‘worker’ within article 45 covers, to a greater or lesser extent, not only actual workers but also: (1) those entering a state for the first time to seek employment (‘first-time’ job seekers’) (see AG and others (EEA-jobseeker-self-sufficient person-proof) Germany [2007] UKAIT 00075, Be gum (EEA – worker – jobseeker) Pakistan [2011] UKUT 00275(IAC) and Antonissen [1997] ECR 1-441 ); (2) those who have had a job and are again seeking work (‘second-time job seekers’) ( Shabani (EEA - jobseekers; nursery education) [2013] UKUT 315 (IAC), Case 75/63 Hoekstra (nee Unger) [1964] ECR 177, Case 66/85 Lawrie-Blum [1986] ECR 2121, Bernini v Minister van Onderwijs en Wetenschappen [1992] ECR I-1071, Case C-85/96 Martinez Sala v Freistaat Bayern [1998] ECR I-2691); (3) vocational or occupational trainees ( Lair v Hanover University [1988] ECR 3161, [1989] 3 CMLR 545, Brown v Secretary of State for Scotland [1988] ECR 3205 [1988] 3 CMLR 403); the involuntarily unemployed and sick ( see FMB (EEA reg 6(2)(a) – ‘temporarily unable to work’) Uganda [2010] UKUT 447 (IAC), Lair , Case C-302/90 Caisse Auxiliare d’Assurance Maladie-Invalidite v Faux [1991] ECR I-4875); (4) injured and retired workers (FMB (Uganda) supra); and, (5) women who, because of the physical constraints of the late stages of pregnancy and the aftermath of childbirth, give up work or jobseeking, provided they return to work or find another job within a reasonable period after the birth of her child ( Jessy St Prix v SSWP [2014] CJEU C-507/12) (ii) The amount of time given to jobseekers to find work is not fixed although Member States may require them to leave their territory after a reasonable period unless the person concerned produces evidence:- (1) that he or she is continuing to seek employment ( Shabani , AG & Others ; and (2) has genuine chances of being employed ( Antonissen ;