The Immigration Rules: Appendices FM and FM-SE
81. Dealing firstly with the appellant’s situation under the Immigration Rules, we regard it as manifest that she did not meet the Minimum Income Requirements (MIR) of the Immigration Rules either at the date of application or decision. Indeed, so much was conceded by the appellant in the skeleton argument. She had failed to provide requisite documents pursuant to Appendix FM-SE. The only point raised to suggest that this was not so was to reiterate that the sponsor had produced correspondence from the HMRC confirming that he had been paid £19,612 for the financial year April 2016 to April 2017 (we note that there was also a P60 provided relating to that same year), but (as was properly noted by Judge Burns) HMRC correspondence is not included in the relevant evidential requirements in FM-SE. Furthermore, both at the date of application and decision there were discrepancies in the evidence the sponsor had submitted in the form of payslips and bank statements. Judge Burns had also found that there were such discrepancies. In the grounds of appeal before us in this case, there has been no real attempt to explain or dispute these discrepancies. Nevertheless, we do not doubt, and we do not understand Mr Lindsay to doubt, that the sponsor was in employment during the times claimed. But as to the level of his income for the requisite periods, the appellant has clearly failed to discharge the onus of proof on her to show that the sponsor had met the evidential requirements necessary to establish that his gross income exceeded 18,600 either at the date of application or decision or before the First-tier judge. Nor, as we will come to in a moment, can he meet the MIR now
- DECISION AND REASONS
- Submissions at the hearing
- General
- Nationality
- 28. At the same time it is also clear that, by virtue of their minority, children are not in a position to exercise some of the rights and benefits ordinarily associated with nationality for so long as they are children. This is a feature highlighted by a leading expert on children and nationality, Jacqueline Bhaba 2 , in her article on “The importance of nationality for children”, Institute on Statelessness and Exclusion, 2017:
- British citizenship and British citizen children
- British citizenship and Union citizenship
- Dual or multiple nationality
- 39. But there can also be disadvantages of having more than one nationality. As a dual citizen, a person is bound by the laws of both countries. Dual citizens may be legally obligated to fulfil military obligations in one or both of the countries of nationality. In some countries there are employment security clearance hurdles for persons who have another nationality. There is also the potential for double taxation. Further, there is the potential difficulty for persons seeking to rely on the opportunity to exercise their rights and benefits as a national of one country, that they have available a separate set of rights and benefits flowing from their other nationality. This last feature is one we will have to consider further in the context of this appeal.
- Specific legal framework
- “Exceptional circumstances
- Section 55
- Statutory provisions and Section 117B(6)
- The Immigration Rules
- Policy
- Case law
- disruption
- Private life
- The appellant’s case
- The Immigration Rules: Appendices FM and FM-SE
- Article 8
- Public interest considerations
- The position of the sponsor
- The option of the children joining the sponsor in the UK on their own
- The option of the sponsor returning to Sri Lanka
- status quo ante
- or the appellant and children being able to live in the UK
- The best interests of the children
- The appellant’s position under the Rules
- Zambrano
- [2012] 1 CMLR 45
