In reaching this decision I have not given any weight to F’s arguments that
In reaching this decision I have not given any weight to F’s arguments that:
the issue of immigration was not raised squarely until Ms. Kumar’s Position Statement for the hearing on 1st July 2025 and in her subsequent oral submissions. It is expressly stated in M’s Answer of 6th June 2025 that she opposed the application on the basis that she had no legal basis upon which she could reside in Australia due to her immigration status;
the extent of M’s immigration concerns is set out in less than half a page in her first statement and therefore (as said by Ms. Best) is “almost certainly” an afterthought to the M’s ‘scattergun’ approach to seeking to defend this application, that she did not initially think immigration was a significant issue as she only sought for an immigration expert to be instructed once her other defences had fallen away. In my view a submission such as this gives way to a detailed consideration of the available evidence; and
M provided her personal documents (passport and birth certificate) and consented to criminal checks after the parties’ separation which she knew would provide her with immigration status in Australia, she did not have any concerns about potentially returning to Australia on this visa when she did this, and she knew that it was a visa in respect of which she was a secondary applicant. I accept (as Ms. Kumar submitted) that M was unaware that de facto partnership was required, and this was the visa that had secured F’s employment in the past and it was one that was required to secure his employment in the future. I do not go so far as accepting the submission that this was an example of F engaging in controlling behaviour towards M after the end of the parties’ relationship.
I understand that there were some direct conversations between the parties (including a proposal and counter-proposal) about arrangements for a return between the two hearings in this case. I queried with Ms. Best when she raised the same whether the parties may have considered them to have been ‘without prejudice’ and was told by Ms. Kumar that the parties may have been at cross-purposes in their discussions in any event. In such circumstances, I did not permit further submissions on this issue and take no account of the fact that any conversations took place as it would be unfair for me to do so.
I have observed above that I must also consider the various strands of M’s case cumulatively that this is particularly important in this case given (on M’s case) the uncertainty over her immigration position has had (and will continue to have) a negative impact on her mental health. I am particularly aware that this is made more acute by the fact that M will remain on F’s visa which will no doubt increase this impact.I also acknowledge the potential impact on M’s mental health if her visa is cancelled, she is unsuccessful in revoking this, and she therefore has a 10 - 18 month period when the appeal process timescales are underway. It is in context that I consider it of particular importance that (i) F accepts that if M is not admitted to Australia on her arrival (or indeed if her visa is subsequently cancelled and she is not permitted to remain in Australia and subject to any order of the Australian court) M and A should not be separated and should return to England and that he consents to my making an order to this effect. M’s acute - and understandable - concerns in relation to a potential separation from A are (subject to any order of the Australian court) therefore ameliorated; and (ii) M has the full access to the necessary psychological support services which she will have as result of F funding private medical/health insurance on her behalf.
I also accept that during the period of any appeal M would be unable to depart Australia at all but this is subject to the discretionary grant of a bridging visa and I would hope that the Australian authorities would look sympathetically upon any such request given M is the primary (if not sole) carer of a young child and in such circumstances is likely to benefit from the support of her English family. However, as I have set out above, I consider the likelihood is M will be able to bring and conclude any application for permission to return permanently to England with A within this timescale.
I also acknowledge that if F loses his current employment and is unable to find new employment (and therefore a sponsor) within a period of 180-day period his visa may be subject to cancellation due to non-compliance with his visa conditions and if this happens it will trigger the consequential cancellation of M and A’s visa. However, again, I consider M is likely to be able to bring and conclude any application for permission to return permanently to England with A within this timescale.
- Heading
- Mr. Nicholas Allen KC
- The application is brought by the child’s father (‘YM’). It is resisted by the child’s mother (‘ML’)
- F was represented by Mr. Jonathan Evans (on 1 st July 2025) and by Ms. Miriam Best (on 6 th and 7 th August 2025). M was represented by Ms. Indu Kumar (who appeared pro bono on the latter date for whi
- M states that at the end of September 2024 she realised she had to remain in England to protect herself and A from further emotional harm and that after multiple discussions with F, his actions indica
- This is disputed by F. He states inter alia he agreed to A’s enrolment in nursery purely from a child-focussed perspective
- M attended the final hearing in person. F attended via video-link from Australia
- As noted above M no longer pursues the exceptions/defences of habitual residence and/or acquiescence
- In her position statement for the hearing on 1 st July 2025 Ms. Kumar stated at paragraph 52 that “an important aspect” of M’s Article 13(b) defence was M’s immigration position in Australia. The part
- Ms. Kumar referred me to the letter of an Australian immigration lawyer, Mr. Michael Kah, dated 30 th May 2025 which it was said “ has been obtained by M to illustrate to the court the precarious posi
- Ms. Kumar then summarised Mr. Kah’s letter. Having done so she stated at paragraph 55 that “F fails to address this properly, if at all, in his evidence, It presents a huge practical hurdle in this ma
- Thereafter at paragraph 56 Ms. Kumar stated that “ The only option open to M is to enter Australia on a short term tourist visa which expires within 3 months. … The likelihood of M finding suitable em
- In his position statement for the hearing on 1 st July 2025 Mr. Evans submitted inter alia that (i) M currently has a valid immigration status in Australia and she and A can enter the country without
- Having read what was said by counsel about this issue I drew their attention to Re B (Children) (Abduction: Consent: Oral Evidence) (Art 13(b)) [2023] 1 FLR 911 and in particular the following paragra
- In his oral submissions on 1 st July 2025 Mr. Evans reemphasised M had a current visa to live and work in Australia but acknowledged this was now “liable” to cancellation as it had been granted on the
- On M’s behalf it was said that I should “place significant weight” on Mr. Kah’s letter “in the absence of other evidence” and that the issue of immigration was “intrinsic” to M’s Article 13(b) defence
- My view was that (i) F was right to say the letter from Mr. Kah was not admissible expert evidence; (ii) M ought not simply to have attached his letter to her statement; (iii) this was not solved by M
- Article 13(b) states
- The Supreme Court examined the law in respect of the harm exception in Re E (Children) (Abduction: Custody Appeal) [2011] 2 FLR 758 and Re S (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2012] 2 FLR 442
- Article 13(b) was also considered in Re IG ( A Child) (Child Abduction: Habitual Residence: Article 13(b)) [2021] EWCA Civ 1123 per Baker LJ in which he summarised at [47] the relevant principles to b
- At [32] of MB v TB (Article 13: Alleged Risk of Oppressive Litigation) MacDonald J further stated
- In Re C (Children) (Abduction: Article 13(b)) [2019] 1 FLR 1045 Moylan LJ made clear that it is not the case that the court has to accept allegations made without conducting an assessment of the credi
- In Re C (A Child) (Abduction: Article 13(b)) [2021] EWCA Civ 1354 Moylan LJ emphasised at [48] and [49] that the risk to the child must be a future risk. At [50] he cited from the Guide to Good Practi
- With regards to protective measures, in E v D (Return Order) MacDonald J at [32] drew the following principles from Re GP (A Child: Abduction) [2018] 1 FLR 892, Re C (Children) (Abduction: Article 13(
- Further at [33] MacDonald J stated
- In H v O; and Others (Secretary of State for the Home Department Intervening) [2025] EWHC 114 (Fam) MacDonald J at [45] summarised the principles that will guide the court’s evaluation as to whether p
- In Re T (Abduction: Protective Measures: Agreement to Return) [2024] 1 FLR 1279, Cobb J (as he then was) quoted at [49] from the President’s Practice Guidance: Case Management and Mediation of Interna
- I am also entitled to have regard to the purpose and policy aims of the Hague Convention. In Re W (Abduction: Intolerable Situation) [2018] 2 FLR 748 Moylan LJ stated
- Further, as was stated in G v D (Art 13(b): Absence of Protective Measures) per MacDonald J at [39] “it is well established that courts should accept that, unless the contrary is proved, the administr
- I shall take M’s allegations against F (and the consequent risk of harm) at their highest and thereafter if satisfied that the risk threshold is crossed go on to consider whether protective measures s
- I also remind myself that as stated in Re B (Children) (Abduction: Consent: Oral Evidence) (Art 13(b)) per Moylan LJ at [70] that
- If I find Article 13(b) satisfied, I retain a residual discretion to return There are three core strands to M’s Article 13(b) defence
- M’s allegations against F are serious ones. Any and all forms of domestic abuse are pernicious and are not to be tolerated. However, notwithstanding this, I do not agree that the allegations made by M
- As the authorities make clear by its very nature Article 13(b) is of “restricted application” with a “high threshold” and the focus is on the risk to the child. In my view M’s allegations, taken at th
- Dr. Kolkiewicz assessed M to fulfil the diagnostic criteria for a Moderate Depressive Episode Without Somatic Syndrome. Her current functioning was in keeping with a Mild to Moderate Depressive Episod
- Dr. Kolkiewicz further stated that if M was to return to Australia the psychological stress “could be partially mitigated and managed” by M
- When considering the impact of a return on a respondent’s mental health, I bear in the mind the “critical question” to be considered as per Lord Wilson in Re S (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody)
- In Re B (A Child) (Abduction: Article 13(b): Mental Health) [2024] EWCA Civ 1595 Moylan LJ stated
- Thereafter at [54] he reiterated that the “key question” is
- I am very mindful of all that is said in Dr. Kolkiewicz’s report and indeed in M’s two statements. I am not however satisfied that the likely effect on M’s mental health is sufficient to establish a g
- However in my view the evidence does not support a conclusion that there is a risk of such a significant deterioration in M’s mental health on a return, or of M becoming so psychologically disabled, s
- In reaching this conclusion I take into account that the psychological stress “could be partially mitigated and managed” (I accept not eliminated) if M benefits from what I have set out at paragraph 6
- I also bear in mind that Dr. Kolkiewicz observed that a return to Australia “ will place [M] at an increased risk of worsening depression including a lack of recovery, until matters relating to [A’s]
- There is also I believe one inaccuracy in Dr. Kolkiewicz’s report when she stated that M’s current immigration status “precludes her from working and living independently in Australia which would be a
- Therefore in applying the Re B (A Child), Re (Abduction: Article 13(b): Mental Health) test although there is a likelihood of the identified risk of “increased levels of anxiety and depression includi
- It is clear from a number of authorities (including Re T (Abduction: Protective Measures: Agreement to Return ) per Cobb J (as he then was) at [47]) that at final hearing the court is required to exam
- Ms. Souvlakis’ report then goes on to detail the various processes for cancellation of the visa (i) by the Department of Home Affairs before entering Australia (including cancellation without notice o
- Ms. Souvlakis also sets out the availability of visitor visas which includes the subclass 600 visa (Tourist Stream) which can be granted with an approved stay period of up to three, six or twelve mont
- In terms of access to medical services (noted by Dr. Kolkiewicz to be important to maintain stability of M’s mental health), M is “required to maintain adequate private health insurance” imposed on th
- On M’s behalf it is said that
- I cannot make findings of fact (and was not asked to do so) as to whether M will be denied entry to Australia and/or what may happen in relation to her visa prior to or after any return. I can only ma
- F however accepts that
- An assessment of likelihood after any return to Australia is more difficult as it not known when (if ever) any cancellation may be sought. However, even if this process were begun it is clear from Ms
- I asked counsel to address me on any authorities in which uncertainty as to immigration status was considered of (potential) relevance to an Article 13(b) defence and in particular whether the ability
- For completeness I was also referred by Ms. Best to Kent County Council v (1) EK (2) SK (3) MIK and (4) MAK (By Their Children's Guardian) the Secretary of State for the Home Department [2025] EWHC 45
- I remind myself in this context that the issue for the court is not whether M can return to Australia on a permanent basis – simply whether she can return whilst long-term decisions are made for A in
- In saying this I remain very conscious of what Moylan LJ stated in Re B (Children) (Abduction: Consent: Oral Evidence) (Art 13(b)) - to which I have referred above – when considering the difficulties
- In making my best assessment of likelihood on a summary basis, not finding facts, and taking into account in particular the decisions in HZ v GA and K v M (but acknowledging where they differ factuall
- In reaching this decision I have not given any weight to F’s arguments that
- Therefore even taking the various strands of M’s Article 13(b) defence cumulatively, bearing in mind that the Article has a high threshold, demonstrated by the use of the words “grave” and “intolerabl
- I make it a condition of my order that (i) F is to make payment of the bond/deposit and initial month’s rent (upto a combined figure of A$10,000) prior to M’s return to Australia so that a suitable pr
- My return order is conditional upon all the foregoing being put in place
- I am conscious of the importance of the issue as to the extent to which the Australian courts would enforce undertakings given to the English court or mirror those undertakings with orders of its own
- In my view it is appropriate for the order to be registered prior to M and A’s return to Australia so that it is recognised and enforceable to provide M with the necessary protection. This is particul
- In the event of any issues relating to M’s visa, F shall not
- This is not a straightforward issue to determine: on the one hand there is force in M’s position that she should be able to determine whether to seek to travel to Australia on the existing visa or a v
- Given my assessment as to likelihood of M’s inability to enter Australia on the existing visa to be less rather than more likely, in my view the appropriate time for the return order to take effect is
- Having found the Article 13(b) defence is not satisfied, the residual discretion to order a return (as considered in Re M (Abduction: Zimbabwe) [2008] 1 FLR 251) does not arise. If I had considered th
- Conclusions
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