Appellant’s concerns about, and interaction with, SoSE
Appellant’s concerns about, and interaction with, SoSE
On 22 September 2021 (two days after the Session), the Appellant emailed the School:
“… I also note that the 'The School of Sexuality' recently visited the school. I have just looked at their website and found multiple examples of partisan opinion presented as fact (especially about gender, trans and social justice issues), and they have an overall approach that I find is lacking in respect for children's privacy, dignity, intelligence and their right to have a personal, sexual development at their own, private pace, undefined by restrictive terminology, theorising, contrived role plays and labelling by adults.
I am not in the least bit convinced that this group are the right people to teach children about anything, let alone the delicate matters of sexuality and sexual relations - not least because they promote material from Netflix…and because they also advise children to go unsupervised, looking for advice from Youtube and even presenting themselves in videos on Tiktok on the subject of Asexuality, for example. This is surely contrary to internet safety guidance - and indeed all common sense!
Tiktok and Youtube are full of deeply unhealthy teen trends regarding mental health and sexuality, and many parents steer their children away from this social media (as our family has chosen to do). It is worrying that the school is employing a company that teaches our children to do otherwise. Can you therefore please explain to me exactly what this company taught about consent at Hatcham College and please direct me to any material and lesson plans they used?”.
The Appellant’s second witness statement said:
“4. I called the SoSE on the 13th October 2021 because the School had explained they would not be able to show me the resources used to teach my daughter, because of the SoSE’s position not to grant copyright to the school. They seemed to be saying effectively that the matter was out of their hands. I found this surprising and so wanted to understand SoSE’s decision and ask them to reconsider. I did not think it was unreasonable to call an organisation that was paid to deliver services to my daughter’s school, and which taught my daughter, and ask them what they had taught.
…6. During the call I did ask to know what had been taught but I wouldn’t characterise it as “demanding”. I certainly disagreed with Ms. Padalia regarding the idea that she thought it was acceptable to keep resources shown to my daughter secret from me and other parents, but again I don’t think it is fair to characterise it as me getting “very annoyed”.”
On 12 November 2021, the Trust’s CEO emailed the Appellant:
“…I am not prepared to release the names of the facilitators. This again is something which you should request directly from the school of sexuality.”
According to the first First-tier Tribunal witness statement given by D Padalia, of SoSE, she had a 16-minute telephone conversation with the Appellant on 13 November 2021. At this time, D Padalia was SoSE’s Deputy CEO (and subsequently became its CEO). The statement described the conversation as follows:
“I found Ms Page to be quite confrontational…I found her views to be very much contrary to the SSE’s way of working, as well as our approach to inclusive education.
Ms Page was firm that the suggestion of Heteronormativity was not based in fact, and that our activities were illegal and against the law. Due to her confrontational attitude, I tried not to engage with her views, and at no point did I inform her that I would provide her with a copy of a lesson plan. I contest that the call was in any way “civil” in nature.”
The Appellant’s second witness statement set out her concerns about SoSE:
“15. The point that I was making in referring to the paper at §73 of my first statement was that the paper clearly demonstrates the kind of work the SoSE thinks is acceptable in the classroom and the intentions behind it. In this case it included discussion, potentially with children who are as young as 11, on biological sex as being non-binary, as well as having children draw sexually explicit images to process the trauma of being sent such images – and the SoSE seem to have undertaken this in part because they think the notion of childhood innocence is “false” and because they employ “risky practices”. If this is their practice, then I think it is something that parents should be informed of, and again illustrates why it is necessary for parents to be able to know what was taught by SoSE and who by, so that they can make a decision as to whether to withdraw their children.
16…I believe providers and schools safeguarding procedures are not infallible, and therefore public service complaint systems, and the transparency provided under the Freedom of Information Act are essential elements to ensure proper practice and safety.
…43. It is also vital that parents know who is teaching their children – and especially so when these are people from external unregulated organisations. It is self-evident that in a social media age children and young people can easily discover the activities of those who teach them. Where such people are engaged in promoting or portraying controversial and explicit sexual activities, which can readily be identified, this can give rise to serious safeguarding concerns…”.
- Heading
- Introduction
- Secretary of State for Education’s involvement in these proceedings
- Factual background
- Appellant’s interaction with the School / Trust before she made her FOIA request
- Informing Parents
- Discussions between the School / Trust and SoSE about access to the Slides
- Appellant’s concerns about, and interaction with, SoSE
- Evidence about the potential determent for SoSE were the Slides to be disclosed
- The outcome of the Appellant’s complaint about the School
- The School of Sexuality Education
- Failure to be transparent about lessons taught to children
- The Appellant’s FOIA request
- identities of SoSE staff were withheld under section 40 FOIA (personal information)
- The Information Commissioner’s decision
- The Commissioner’s decision notice (ref. IC-171936-C9H8)
- was not trivial and had the necessary quality of confidence
- any reasonable person, standing in the shoes of the Trust, should have realised attracted an obligation of confidence
- First-tier Tribunal’s decision
- The Appellant’s arguments
- the Commissioner erred in holding that the Slides could be withheld in reliance upon s.41 of the FOIA the Commissioner erred in holding that the identities of SoSE’s facilitators were exempt as personal data; and
- Whether section 405 of EA 1996 carries an implied obligation to provide parents with sex education teaching materials: Ground 1
- The law of confidence
- Disclosing identities of SoSE facilitators
- Observations on the Appellant’s case before the First-tier Tribunal
- The First-tier Tribunal’s decision
- Section 41 FOIA / law of confidence: disclosure of the Slides
- Section 40 FOIA: disclosure of identities of SoSE’s facilitators
- the legitimate interest was not simply ‘knowing who is teaching her child sex education’ (paragraph 168)
- in relation to the Appellant’s particular legitimate interests
- Any person making a request for information to a public authority is entitled—
- if that is the case, to have that information communicated to him.”
- Information accessible by other means
- Personal information
- Information is exempt information if—
- “First, the information itself, in the words of Lord Greene, M.R. in [ Saltman Engineering Co. Ltd. v. Campbell Engineering Co. Ltd. (1948) 65 R.P.C. 203] on page 215, must “have the necessary quality
- “Thirdly, there must be an unauthorised use of that information to the detriment of the party communicating it”
- Commissioner’s guidance about section 41 of FOIA
- Education
- sex education comprised in the National Curriculum
- Statutory Guidance
- “typical policies are likely to include sections covering…
- subjects. Schools should ensure that parents know what will be taught and when, and
- of Relationships Education and RSE. Good communication and opportunities for parents
- sex education delivered as part of statutory RSE. Before granting any such request it
- or visiting organisation’s credentials. Schools should also ensure that the teaching
- the second conditions the way in which the State provides education
- Copyright
- Grounds of appeal and arguments
- Ground 1 – whether section 405 EA 1996 imposes an implied obligations to provide information
- Appellant
- The Commissioner
- Ground 2 – Tribunal’s assessment of the law of confidence, and application of section 41 of FOIA
- Appellant: principles of the law of confidentiality
- disclosure of the information in question would constitute a breach of confidence, contrary to the principles expounded in Coco v Clark ; and
- UKUT 313 (AAC) at [38]. For this purpose, the test is one of proportionality: HRH The Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Limited [2008] Ch 57 at [67] and [69])
- the information must be inaccessible (Arnold LJ in The Racing Partnership Ltd & Ors v Sports Information Services Ltd [2020] EWCA Civ 1300 , [2021] Ch. 233 at [48]), and “the claimant…must demonstrate
- the information must be worthy of confidentiality by virtue of a quality central to it, which is of particular relevance where component parts, but not the information itself, may be in the public dom
- the industry/sphere in which the parties operate may be relevant because “whether information should be treated as confidential will be judged in the light of the usage and practices of the particular
- Appellant: First-tier Tribunal’s application of the law
- SoSE published a book in September 2021 Sex Ed: An Inclusive Teenage Guide to Sex and Relationships . The book was in the public domain at the date of the Appellant’s FOIA request and contained a chap
- The Commissioner
- assuming the Appellant is correct that the Slides drew on a variety of sources, and included information replicated in the public domain, it does not follow that the Slides did not merit protection un
- the argument that the First-tier Tribunal (and previously the Commissioner) confused confidentiality and copyright is misplaced. The law of confidence often looks to the originality of information in
- SoSE
- Appellant
- Commissioner
- SoSE
- Appellant
- Commissioner
- Ground 5
- Appellant
- Commissioner
- Ground 6
- Appellant
- failed to take into account the primacy of parental rights to determine what education their child receives
- expectations of privacy) against the public interest in disclosure (see AB v A Chief Constable [2014] EWHC 1965 (QB) at [75]). A question to be asked is whether an individual had a reasonable expectat
- is the data controller, or third parties to whom data is disclosed, pursuing a legitimate interest?
- is the processing unwarranted because the legitimate interests are outweighed by the rights and freedoms of the data subject? The Commissioner submits that this is a balancing exercise to be applied s
- SoSE
- Proceedings before the Upper Tribunal
- Additional evidence
- Hearing
- The Upper Tribunal’s analysis
- Ground 1
- The First-tier Tribunal’s analysis
- Section 405 EA 1996 : Upper Tribunal’s analysis
- Ground 2
- The Appellant’s case on the law of confidence before the First-tier Tribunal
- Whether disclosure would constitute an actionable breach of confidence: matters of fact and law
- Determination of Ground 2: analysis
- the Appellant criticises the Tribunal for failing properly to consider whether the first condition in Coco v Clark was met (information must have the necessary quality of confidence), and simply assum
- the Appellant submits that the Tribunal failed to appreciate that disclosure of the information within the Slides at the Session destroyed any confidentiality they might previously have possessed. The
- Ground 2: conclusion
- Ground 3
- Ground 4
- Ground 5
- Ground 6
- the balance of interests fell plainly in favour of disclosing identities of the SoSE facilitators (notice of appeal)
- Conclusions
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